Write a very short note on ‘Fitna’ during Maratha rule.

The term 'Fitna' during Maratha rule refers to a period of internal strife, conflicts, and political instability that characterized the Maratha Empire in the 18th century. The word 'Fitna' translates to 'strife' or 'discord' in Arabic, and it aptly captures the tumultuous phase within the Maratha confederacy.

The Fitna era began in the mid-18th century following the death of Chhatrapati Shahu, the grandson of Chhatrapati Shivaji, in 1749. His demise triggered a succession dispute, leading to power struggles among different factions within the Maratha leadership.

The internal conflicts were exacerbated by the involvement of various noble houses, known as 'Sardars,' each vying for supremacy and control over the throne. The Nana Phadnavis and Raghunathrao factions were prominent players in this power struggle. The Peshwas, who held the de facto administrative authority, became embroiled in disputes with other Maratha chieftains.

This period of internal strife weakened the Maratha Empire, making it susceptible to external threats. The British, taking advantage of the internal discord, gradually expanded their influence in India during the same period.

The Fitna era eventually culminated in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, a catastrophic conflict where the Marathas suffered a significant defeat at the hands of the Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

The Fitna not only contributed to the decline of the Maratha power but also marked a turning point in Indian history, opening the door for increased European influence and changing the dynamics of power on the Indian subcontinent.