Explain Bottleneck effect.
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Bottleneck Effect:
The bottleneck effect refers to a drastic reduction in the size of a population due to a catastrophic event, leading to a sharp decrease in genetic diversity. The surviving individuals become the founders of a new population, but their limited genetic variation may not represent the original diversity. This phenomenon increases the population's susceptibility to genetic disorders and reduces its ability to adapt to environmental changes. The bottleneck effect is a significant evolutionary force, shaping the genetic makeup of populations and influencing their long-term survival and adaptation.